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\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1}{\ignorespaces  Setup for probing light-atom interaction in free space. D:\nobreakspace  {}detector, UHV:\nobreakspace  {}ultra-high vacuum chamber, IF:\nobreakspace  {}interference filter centered at 780\tmspace  +\thinmuskip {.1667em}nm, $\lambda $/2:\nobreakspace  {}half-wave plate, $\lambda $/4:\nobreakspace  {}quarter-wave plate, C:\nobreakspace  {}fiber coupling lens, PBS:\nobreakspace  {}polarizing beam splitter, BS:\nobreakspace  {}beam splitter, L:\nobreakspace  {}high numerical aperture lens, B:\nobreakspace  {}magnetic field, OP: optical pumping. }}{1}{figure.1}}
\newlabel{fig:setup}{{1}{1}{Setup for probing light-atom interaction in free space. D:~detector, UHV:~ultra-high vacuum chamber, IF:~interference filter centered at 780\,nm, $\lambda $/2:~half-wave plate, $\lambda $/4:~quarter-wave plate, C:~fiber coupling lens, PBS:~polarizing beam splitter, BS:~beam splitter, L:~high numerical aperture lens, B:~magnetic field, OP: optical pumping}{figure.1}{}}
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\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3}{\ignorespaces  Transmission measurement of a weak coherent probe beam. The solid line is a fit of Eq.\nobreakspace  {}(\ref  {eq:tx}) with free parameters: linewidth\nobreakspace  {}$\Gamma /2\pi =6.9(1)$\tmspace  +\thinmuskip {.1667em}MHz, frequency shift\nobreakspace  {}\nobreakspace  {}$\delta \omega =48.03(3)\tmspace  +\thinmuskip {.1667em}$MHz, spatial overlap\nobreakspace  {}$\Lambda =4.67(2)\tmspace  +\thinmuskip {.1667em}\%$, and phase\nobreakspace  {}$\phi _0=0.13(1)\tmspace  +\thinmuskip {.1667em}$rad ($\chi ^2_{\text  {red}}=1.01$), resulting in a resonant extinction of $\epsilon =17.7(1)\%$. Error bars represent one standard deviation due to propagated Poissonian counting uncertainties. }}{3}{figure.3}}
\newlabel{fig:tx}{{3}{3}{Transmission measurement of a weak coherent probe beam. The solid line is a fit of Eq.~(\ref {eq:tx}) with free parameters: linewidth~$\Gamma /2\pi =6.9(1)$\,MHz, frequency shift~~$\delta \omega =48.03(3)\,$MHz, spatial overlap~$\Lambda =4.67(2)\,\%$, and phase~$\phi _0=0.13(1)\,$rad ($\chi ^2_{\text {red}}=1.01$), resulting in a resonant extinction of $\epsilon =17.7(1)\%$. Error bars represent one standard deviation due to propagated Poissonian counting uncertainties}{figure.3}{}}
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\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4}{\ignorespaces  (a) Light scattered into the backward detector\nobreakspace  {}$D_\textrm  {b}$ for different probe detunings. The solid line is a Lorentzian fit of Eq.\nobreakspace  {}(\ref  {eq:refl}) with free parameters linewidth\nobreakspace  {}$\Gamma /2\pi =6.9(1)$\tmspace  +\thinmuskip {.1667em}MHz, frequency shift\nobreakspace  {}$\delta \omega /2\pi = 48.0(1)$\tmspace  +\thinmuskip {.1667em}MHz, and resonant backscattering probability\nobreakspace  {}$P_\textrm  {b,0}=0.61(1)\%$, with $\chi ^2_{\text  {red}}=1.03$. (b)\nobreakspace  {}Resonant saturation measurement, with the solid line representing the fit of Eq.\nobreakspace  {}(\ref  {eq:sat}) with saturation power\nobreakspace  {}$P_{\textrm  {sat}}=26(2)$\tmspace  +\thinmuskip {.1667em}pW and total detection efficiency\nobreakspace  {}\nobreakspace  {}$\eta =1.95(2)$\% as free parameters ($\chi ^2_{\text  {red}}=1.3$). Error bars represent one standard deviation due to propagated Poissonian counting uncertainties. }}{3}{figure.4}}
\newlabel{fig:refl_sat}{{4}{3}{(a) Light scattered into the backward detector~$D_\textrm {b}$ for different probe detunings. The solid line is a Lorentzian fit of Eq.~(\ref {eq:refl}) with free parameters linewidth~$\Gamma /2\pi =6.9(1)$\,MHz, frequency shift~$\delta \omega /2\pi = 48.0(1)$\,MHz, and resonant backscattering probability~$P_\textrm {b,0}=0.61(1)\%$, with $\chi ^2_{\text {red}}=1.03$. (b)~Resonant saturation measurement, with the solid line representing the fit of Eq.~(\ref {eq:sat}) with saturation power~$P_{\textrm {sat}}=26(2)$\,pW and total detection efficiency~~$\eta =1.95(2)$\% as free parameters ($\chi ^2_{\text {red}}=1.3$). Error bars represent one standard deviation due to propagated Poissonian counting uncertainties}{figure.4}{}}
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\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5}{\ignorespaces  Time-resolved extinction measurement. Each row presents a transmission spectrum similar to Fig.\nobreakspace  {}\ref  {fig:tx} and is obtained by collecting photodetection events in 0.5\tmspace  +\thinmuskip {.1667em}ms wide time bins. As the atom is heated by scattering probe photons, the transmission increases, and also the frequency of the minimal transmission shifts to a lower detuning from the unperturbed resonance. }}{4}{figure.5}}
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\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6}{\ignorespaces  The effect of recoil heating on the resonance frequency\nobreakspace  {}(a) and extinction\nobreakspace  {}(b) obtained by rearranging the histogram in Fig.\nobreakspace  {}\ref  {fig:tx_matrix} with a bin width of 30 scattered photons. Resonance frequency and extinction decreases fairly linearly as the atom heats up. (a)\nobreakspace  {}Solid red line is the numerical result of Eq.\nobreakspace  {}(\ref  {eq:tx_T}) with the frequency shift at the center of trap\nobreakspace  {}$\delta \omega (0)$ as a free fit parameter ($\chi ^2_{\text  {red}}=1.4$). (b)\nobreakspace  {}The temperature dependence is well reproduced by Eq.\nobreakspace  {}(\ref  {eq:tx_T}) with\nobreakspace  {}$\alpha =0.54(1)$ as a free fit parameter\nobreakspace  {}(red solid line, $\chi ^2_{\text  {red}}=11.6$). Dashed blue line is the expected extinction for an ideal lens, Eq. (8) with\nobreakspace  {}$\alpha =0$. Error bars represent one standard deviation obtained from least-squares fit of the individual spectra. }}{4}{figure.6}}
\newlabel{fig:scat_tx_res}{{6}{4}{The effect of recoil heating on the resonance frequency~(a) and extinction~(b) obtained by rearranging the histogram in Fig.~\ref {fig:tx_matrix} with a bin width of 30 scattered photons. Resonance frequency and extinction decreases fairly linearly as the atom heats up. (a)~Solid red line is the numerical result of Eq.~(\ref {eq:tx_T}) with the frequency shift at the center of trap~$\delta \omega (0)$ as a free fit parameter ($\chi ^2_{\text {red}}=1.4$). (b)~The temperature dependence is well reproduced by Eq.~(\ref {eq:tx_T}) with~$\alpha =0.54(1)$ as a free fit parameter~(red solid line, $\chi ^2_{\text {red}}=11.6$). Dashed blue line is the expected extinction for an ideal lens, Eq. (8) with~$\alpha =0$. Error bars represent one standard deviation obtained from least-squares fit of the individual spectra}{figure.6}{}}
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\citation{Tey2009}
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\bibcite{Kimble2008}{{1}{2008}{{Kimble}}{{}}}
\bibcite{Volz2011}{{2}{2011}{{Volz\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Volz, Gehr, Dubois, Esteve,\ and\ Reichel}}}
\bibcite{Reiserer1349}{{3}{2013}{{Reiserer\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Reiserer, Ritter,\ and\ Rempe}}}
\bibcite{Piro2011}{{4}{2011}{{Piro\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Piro, Rohde, Schuck, Almendros, Huwer, Ghosh, Haase, Hennrich, Dubin,\ and\ Eschner}}}
\bibcite{Sandoghdar:2012}{{5}{2012}{{Rezus\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Rezus, Walt, Lettow, Renn, Zumofen, G\"otzinger,\ and\ Sandoghdar}}}
\bibcite{Leong2016}{{6}{2016}{{Leong\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Leong, Seidler, Steiner, Cer\`e,\ and\ Kurtsiefer}}}
\bibcite{Brito:2016}{{7}{2016}{{Brito\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Brito, Kucera, Eich, M{\"u}ller,\ and\ Eschner}}}
\bibcite{Golla2012}{{8}{2012}{{Golla\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Golla, Chalopin, Bader, Harder, Mantel, Maiwald, Lindlein, Sondermann,\ and\ Leuchs}}}
\bibcite{Sondermann2013}{{9}{2013}{{Leuchs\ and\ Sondermann}}{{}}}
\bibcite{Enk2000}{{10}{2000}{{van Enk\ and\ Kimble}}{{}}}
\bibcite{Enk2004}{{11}{2004}{{van Enk}}{{}}}
\bibcite{Sondermann2007}{{12}{2007}{{Sondermann\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Sondermann, Maiwald, Konermann, Lindlein, Peschel,\ and\ Leuchs}}}
\bibcite{Tey2009}{{13}{2009}{{Tey\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Tey, Maslennikov, Liew, Aljunid, Huber, Chng, Chen, Scarani,\ and\ Kurtsiefer}}}
\bibcite{Hetet2010}{{14}{2010}{{H\'etet\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{H\'etet, Slodi\v {c}{}ka, Gl\"atzle, Hennrich,\ and\ Blatt}}}
\bibcite{Wineland:87}{{15}{1987}{{Wineland\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Wineland, Itano,\ and\ Bergquist}}}
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\bibcite{Vamivakas2007}{{16}{2007}{{Vamivakas\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Vamivakas, Atat\"ure, Dreiser, Yilmaz, Badolato, Swan, Goldberg, Imamo{\u {g}}lu,\ and\ \"Unl\"u}}}
\bibcite{Gerhardt2007}{{17}{2007}{{Gerhardt\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Gerhardt, Wrigge, Bushev, Zumofen, Agio, Pfab,\ and\ Sandoghdar}}}
\bibcite{Tey:2008}{{18}{2008}{{Tey\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Tey, Chen, Aljunid, Chng, Huber, Maslennikov,\ and\ Kurtsiefer}}}
\bibcite{Wrigge2008}{{19}{2008}{{Wrigge\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Wrigge, Gerhardt, Hwang, Zumofen,\ and\ Sandoghdar}}}
\bibcite{Aljunid2009}{{20}{2009}{{Aljunid\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Aljunid, Tey, Chng, Liew, Maslennikov, Scarani,\ and\ Kurtsiefer}}}
\bibcite{Pototschnig2011}{{21}{2011}{{Pototschnig\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Pototschnig, Chassagneux, Hwang, Zumofen, Renn,\ and\ Sandoghdar}}}
\bibcite{Fischer:2014}{{22}{2014}{{Fischer\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Fischer, Bader, Maiwald, Golla, Sondermann,\ and\ Leuchs}}}
\bibcite{Tran2016}{{23}{2016}{{Tran\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Tran, Wrachtrup,\ and\ Gerhardt}}}
\bibcite{Sortais2007}{{24}{2007}{{Sortais\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Sortais, Marion, Tuchendler, Lance, Lamare, Fournet, Armellin, Mercier, Messin, Browaeys,\ and\ Grangier}}}
\bibcite{Streed2011}{{25}{2011}{{Streed\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Streed, Norton, Jechow, Weinhold,\ and\ Kielpinski}}}
\bibcite{Maiwald:2012}{{26}{2012}{{Maiwald\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Maiwald, Golla, Fischer, Bader, Heugel, Chalopin, Sondermann,\ and\ Leuchs}}}
\bibcite{Alber2016}{{27}{2016}{{Alber\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Alber, Fischer, Bader, Mantel, Sondermann,\ and\ Leuchs}}}
\bibcite{Guthohrlein2001}{{28}{2001}{{Guthohrlein\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Guthohrlein, Keller, Hayasaka, Lange,\ and\ Walther}}}
\bibcite{Schlosser2001}{{29}{2001}{{Schlosser\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Schlosser, Reymond, Protsenko,\ and\ Grangier}}}
\bibcite{Schlosser2002}{{30}{2002}{{Schlosser\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Schlosser, Reymond,\ and\ Grangier}}}
\bibcite{Aljunid2013}{{31}{2013}{{Aljunid\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Aljunid, Maslennikov, Wang, Dao, Scarani,\ and\ Kurtsiefer}}}
\bibcite{Lett1988}{{32}{1988}{{Lett\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Lett, Watts, Westbrook, Phillips, Gould,\ and\ Metcalf}}}
\bibcite{Hwang2007}{{33}{2007}{{Hwang\ and\ Moerner}}{{}}}
\bibcite{Volz1996}{{34}{1996}{{Volz\ and\ Schmoranzer}}{{}}}
\bibcite{Syed2011}{{35}{2011}{{Aljunid\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Aljunid, Chng, Lee, Paesold, Maslennikov,\ and\ Kurtsiefer}}}
\bibcite{Agio:2008}{{36}{2008}{{Zumofen\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Zumofen, Mojarad, Sandoghdar,\ and\ Agio}}}
\bibcite{Hucul2015}{{37}{2015}{{Hucul\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Hucul, Inlek, Vittorini, Crocker, Debnath, Clark,\ and\ Monroe}}}
\bibcite{Ghadimi2016}{{38}{2016}{{Ghadimi\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Ghadimi, Blums, Norton, Fisher, Connell, Amini, Volin, Hayden, Pai, Kielpinski, Lobino,\ and\ Streed}}}
\bibcite{Teo2011}{{39}{2011}{{Teo\ and\ Scarani}}{{}}}
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\bibcite{Kaufman2012}{{41}{2012}{{Kaufman\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Kaufman, Lester,\ and\ Regal}}}
\bibcite{Thompson2013}{{42}{2013}{{Thompson\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Thompson, Tiecke, Zibrov, Vuleti\'{c}{},\ and\ Lukin}}}
\bibcite{Trautmann2016}{{43}{2016}{{Trautmann\ \emph  {et~al.}}}{{Trautmann, Alber,\ and\ Leuchs}}}
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